The carbon credit market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1507 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The carbon credit market in India is all set to rake in more than $120 billion by the end of 2010. According to the World bank[1], one of the biggest intermediaries in carbon credit trading, India along with China could emerge as one of the biggest beneficiaries, accounting for as much as 25 per cent of the total world trade. Emergence of Carbon credit trading and clean development mechanisms (CDM) Since industrialization began almost two centuries ago, man made activities and commercial activities have added significant amounts of green house gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. According to a report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[2], the amounts of the following gases have increased significantly between the periods of 1750 2009 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The carbon credit market" essay for you Create order Carbon dioxide (CO2) 31% Nitrous oxide (N2O) 17% Methane (CH4) 151% Other gases such as SF6, Hydro Fluorocarbons(HFC) and Per Fluorocarbons (PFC) These gases allow the penetration of inbound UV and Infra red from the sun but trap the outbound rays reflected from the earths surface therefore resulting in rise in temperature of the earths surface. This leads to a phenomena called as global warming eventually leading to climate change. These GHGs along with a few more have a capability to trap radiations and each of these gases can stay in the atmosphere for a certain period of time. Studies use the terminology GWP[3] to compare between the gases. Carbon dioxide is used as the benchmark so all the gases are measured in Carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2 emissions) The numbers indicate the heat trapping abilities and the time a gas stays for in the atmosphere[4] The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto protocol was signed in Kyoto, Japan in the year 1997. The protocol required the industrialized countries, also called as Annex 1 countries to reduce their greenhouse gases (namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluori de, CFC etc.) by at least 5.2% from their 1990 levels by 2012. The Kyoto protocol facilitates several flexible mechanisms such as emissions trading, and clean development mechanism (CDM) or carbon credit trading for Annex 1 countries to meet their GHG emissions shortcomings by purchasing GHG reduction units from other countries possessing excess of these. The protocol comes as a blessing to the developing countries which can generate additional revenues by adopting green technologies and selling carbon credits to developed countries, say USA which are already stuck with old technologies and need carbon credits in abundance[5]. The preliminary phase of Kyoto protocol started in 2007 and the second phase commenced in 2008. The countries which have voluntary signed this treaty include European Union, Japan and Canada among many others and USA which nearly accounts for one third of GHG emissions is yet to join this treaty. The Kyoto protocol has facilitated three important mech anisms for developed countries to acquire GHG reduction credits and minimize the cost of purchasing certified emission reduction. These are Joint implementation (JI) Clean development mechanism (CDM) International emissions trading (IET) CDM has already been discussed in the paper. Under JI, a developed country with relatively higher cost of GHG reduction would set up its project in another country with a relatively lower cost of implementation and cost of GHG units. CDM PROJECT TYPES Carbon Credits are sold to entities in Annex-I countries, like power utilities, who have emission reduction targets to achieve find it cheaper to buy „offsetting? certificate rather than do a clean-up in their backyard. Type of projects, which are being applied for CDM and which can be of valuable potential, are: Energy efficiency projects[6] Introducing the concept of green building or getting a LEED rating (leadership in energy and environmental design) and acquiring a green building certificate. For example, technopolis building in Kolkata. Carrying out the modernization of existing traditional thermal power plants and switching from carbon intensive fuels to renewable sources of fuel. Transport Switching to hybrid, CNG based and fuel cell vehicles. Switching to better modes of public transport such as metro trains in Delhi Methane recovery Recovering methane from animal waste Utilizing anaerobic digester and obtaining methane Recovery of methane gas from coal mining projects Collecting and utilizing methane gas from coal mining and also from landfills; Capture of biogas; Capture utilization of fugitive gas from gas pipelines; Collecting and utilizing methane from industrial and biogas waste Industrial process changes Any industrial process change resulting in the reduction of any category greenhouse gas emissions Cogeneration Use of waste heat from electric generation, such as exhaust from gas turbines, for industrial purposes or heating (e.g. Distillery-Molasses and bagasse) Agricultural sector Energy efficiency by employing less carbon intensive energy for the use of water pumps for irrigational purposes Using animal waste by obtaining methane for generating energy Any other changes in an agricultural practices resulting in reduction of any category of greenhouse gas emissions. CARBON TRADING IN INDIA MCX (Multi commodities exchange) MCX was the 1st derivatives exchange in India to launch Carbon Credits Contract trading to the country. MCX is the biggest commodity trading platform in India and it commenced trading on Carbon credits on 21st January, 2008. A few other exchanges in the world dealing in the same are Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and European Climate Exchange (ECX). Launching of carbon credit trading in India would help producers earn remunerative returns from implementing environmentally friendly projects. The markets for trading in carbon credits is roughly estimated to be at $70 billion annually and India is the leading beneficiary arising out of this trade with the possession of 30 million carbon credits and another 140 million in the pipeline already. MCX has already entered into a strategic alliance with the Chicago climate exchange (CCX) in september 2005 to initiate carbon trading in India in a view to realize better price discovery and cover risks associated with buying and selling. The trading unit of carbon credits will contain 200 units (metric tones) of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide equivalent gases. Trading is being done in the form of carbon future contracts which will be available on the MCX platform with expiry on the 15th of December 2008, December 2009, December 2010, December 2011, December 2012. Demand and supply The future carbon credit trading markets offer numerous oppurtunities for the future financial/industrial/technical projects to adopt eco-friendly techniques and incorporate green techno-logies in their production activities, thereby earning carbon credits which will reward them with a good price. These carbon credits can be earned by the use of Joint implementation (JI) in annex 1 countries or by CDM in Non annex 1 or developing countries. The principal buyers of carbon credits are mainly Annex 1 countries such as European markets Other countries include Japan, Canada, New Zealand, etc. The major sources of supply are Non-Annexure I countries such as India, China, and Brazil. Participants in the carbon credit trade in India Currently green project participants, manufacturing units, brokers, banks and investors involved in futures trading in environment related financial instruments take part in the trade. The ECX, a subsidiary of CCX is the leading exchange in terms of trade Factors that influence the price of carbon credits: Supply-demand mismatch between the credits required by Annex 1 countries and Non Annex 1 (developing countries) Crude oil prices and coal prices bigger economies are heavy consumers of fuel. Therefore if fuel prices go up. The consumption tends to fall and so does the GHG emissions. The CER supplying countries will see a contraction in demand during this phase CO2 emissions European Union Allowances (EUAs) Forex fluctuations Trade during a global financial slowdown The role of India as a major supplier of CER By 2010, india will have as much as USD 100 billion worth of CERs and close to 300 CDM based projects out of 900 total projects with the UNFCCC. In number, these CERs come out to be around 35 million with each CER containing almost 200 metric tones of carbon dioxide equivalent gases. The worth of each of these CER is estimated to be around 15 to 22 euros. India annually produces an average of 28 million CER, the revenues of which could run into over Rs. 2500 crores. Trading carbon credits with MCX In India, currently only bilateral deals and trading through intermediaries are widely prevalent leading to sellers being denied fair prices for their carbon credits. Advantages that the MCX platform offers are: These sellers and intermediaries can help reduce price risks by the use of appropriate hedging instruments; Early participation in selling can help generate liquid cash and therefore help in implementation of projects; Since the trade is exchange backed, the counterparty risk is eliminated; The price discovery mechanism is beneficial for both buyers and sellers; The participants are brought to a single platform so the hassle and cost of locating buyers or sellers in eliminated; and The MCX futures floor gives an immediate reference price. At present, there is no transparency related to prices in the Indian carbon credit market, which has kept sellers at the receiving end with no bargaining power https://info.worldbank.org/etools/bspan/PresentationView.asp?PID=213EID=112 IPCC 2001 reference Global warming potential IPCC 2001a, IPCC 2001b reference https://www.volpe.dot.gov/infosrc/journal/spring99/global.html https://www.carbonexis.com/solutions_services.html

Essay on The Impact of Technology on Education - 1230 Words

The Impact of Technology on Education Technology affects every aspect of our lives. From romance to business, it has shown its presence everywhere. But technology has had a huge impact on education that cannot be denied, and has done nothing but improve the quality and quantity of education. Today, schools are being pressured more and more to improve the technology they use and teach in the classrooms. Parents are placing this pressure on schools so that their students have the skills needed to compete in the real world job market. Students are placing pressure on the schools to improve technology by having more knowledge of current technology than the school’s staff. Teachers in turn are placing emphasis on the schools to†¦show more content†¦This frees up time for teachers to address more serious issues in the classroom and allows students more time to work on their project, instead of having to spend large quantities of time going over their project with the teacher. Also, programs such as PowerPoint and other graphic arts programs allow students to illustrate their literary works and by creating them on the computer, it makes it much simpler for the students to publish their own work on the internet. When it comes to learning how to improve read ing skills, many programs exist, one of the better being Reader Rabbit, which uses games to disguise drill-and-practice routines to help students improve reading ability. All of these are examples of how technology has positively affected Language Arts education. Science education has also been affected however. Computer programs like BioPac, used here on LSSU’s campus, help collect data and analyze it. Experiments that normally would not have been able to be accomplished or ones that would have required great lengths of time can now easily be completed in a matter of minutes. Also, internet resources can help provide ideas for experiments, with instructions on how to complete them often, and also will provide forums for students to exchange and discuss results with each other. In response to students feelings of uneasiness about dissecting real animals andinhumane treatment of test subjects,Show MoreRelatedImpact of Technology on Education1146 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Positive Impact of Technology on Education Technology plays a very important role in the field of education, especially in this 21st century. In fact, computer technology has become easier for teachers to transfer knowledge and for students to obtain it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning more convenient. Talking in a positive sense, the impact of technology on education has been extraordinary. Using Internet and computersRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education802 Words   |  4 Pages The use of technology expanding broadly in different aspects of our lives and technology plays a significant role in modern society. The technology used globally and it impacts our lives daily for instant: government, businesses, schools, workplace, environment, and household. The technological evolution led humanity from the dark ages to enlightenment and agriculture to industrial. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of technology means â€Å"the practical application of knowledgeRe ad MoreImpact Of Technology On Education829 Words   |  4 PagesImpact of Technology on Education The way we teach students in the modern classroom has massively changed throughout the years. One major changing factor is the development and use of technology. Before, classrooms were filled with paper, pencils, crayons, and all things needed to be completely hands on with our education. Now, most classrooms have replaced these things with tablets and laptops and smart boards that students get to spend all day staring at. Technology has the potentialRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology In Education1533 Words   |  7 Pagesof constructivism appear on the fringes of education, there is a polarizing argument about what place technology has in schools. Students are coming to school with computers in the form of phones, tablets, or laptops in their pockets and backpacks. Some schools are leading the charge with BYOD (bring your own device) or BYOT (bring your own technology) initiatives. However, there are still districts, schools, and teachers who will not allow technology i nto their classrooms. Many schools and teachersRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education985 Words   |  4 Pagesthis decade, technology has significant influence in many areas of society especially for improving education, language acquisition, support learning, and it is a great way to access to information. In fact, nowadays students depend on their machine such as computers, laptops, mobile phone to study in the classroom or outside the class. In addition, they use the internet to communicate with teachers and to help them do research for information they need to do homework. Although, technology is a substantialRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education2762 Words   |  12 Pages Technology advancement has really provided new platforms for various disciplines leading to great improvements in the education process. Furthermore, education has been thoroughly lightened as a result of technology being applied to education. Actually, technology can be thought of as the application the scientific knowledge and approaches for the different purposes and in this case, education approaches like learning and teaching. In almost two decade technological approaches have been done andRead MoreThe Impact of Technology on Education4413 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿The Impact of Technology on Education 16 Introduction Higher education is undergoing a radical shift from localized, teacher-centered, face-to-face courses to student-centered online and hybrid courses offered by global universities. The traditional delivery of education is being supplemented and replaced by digital education models. The proliferation of information on the Web, the proliferation of instructional systems vendors, and the burden on faculty to design hybrid courses threaten theRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. From one room school houses, segregated schools, to public and private schools, forms of education and how we receive it are always changing. In the past decade, technology has become a large part of education and schooling. Views on types of schooling and education are changing rapidly. Videos and articles can be found all over the Internet on basically any subject you can think of. Much of todayâ €™s schooling is done through online classesRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesfact that United States of America’s education program is a far stretch from futuristic in most districts; application of technology has undoubtedly showed itself to be a critical factor in most high performing schools. Technology not only improves the learning environment to better fit the student, but also offers previously inaccessible learning material to students. If seen as an investment by the schools for the benefit of the students, private technology assigned to each student would betterRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Education1404 Words   |  6 PagesWith the great advances in technology, one can accomplish many great feats, be it Virtual Reality, a backpack desktop computer and even smart watches. However, technology has influenced many other parts of our world including education. How has technology influenced education? How do the pupils re ceive an education? How does technology play a viable role in this process? I will specifically be focusing on how education in South Africa is affected by technology. Technology has played a valuable role

Van Hoc Anh Free Essays

The Nightingale and the Rose | | The Nightingale and the Rose – Oscar Wilde Note: please take time to read the actual story before reading this analysis. There can be multiple interpretations for any one text and everyone’s opinions differ. This analysis is meant as a guide only. We will write a custom essay sample on Van Hoc Anh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Links to text: on ZYLite online-literature. com A readable but tragic story at first glance, this particular story has deeper themes which mock people in society for being pretentious. A large part of the story is set in the garden with its animals and plants, and that sets the background for the ending. It is useful to take note of first impressions when reading a text. In this case the notable first impression is the concept of sacrificing a life for love. The nightingale went through suffering and sacrificed her life for the sake of love – the concept of true love. This is an allegory to the biblical concept of sacrificial love. The allegory is the first hint, further reading of the story reveals that the language used, parallels that used in the bible. The language is simple and friendly-reading for children, but yet note the nightingale’s description of the lover and love, that she describes his hair and his lips as similar to beautiful plants like roses, and even says â€Å"his lips are sweet as honey†. For those who know, this is familiar language because it is derived from Song of Solomon in the bible. The statement which represents the theme of the story â€Å"†¦ for Love is wiser than Philosophy, though she is wise, and mightier than Power, though he is mighty. This is another statement that alludes to the language of the bible, this time from the book of Proverbs – that philosophy is referred to as â€Å"she†, and power is referred to as â€Å"he† (see below for more detailed references). What does Oscar Wilde want to convey from these hints in form of the story? Take a closer look at the statement – the nightingale claims love to be favoured over philosophy and power, but at t he end Wilde uses symbolism to contradict this very statement. The rose represents love, but it was tragically thrown on the road to be rolled over by cart wheels. Sadly it is people in society who value philosophy and power more than they value love. (the student went back to valuing philosophy over love after his attempt failed, and the professor’s daughter valued power in the shape of the Chamberlain’s nephew) The ending of the story becomes a mockery of how society behaved at that time – that society claims to follow biblical doctrine, but only so on the surface. People in society were hypocritical enough to claim to follow Christian doctrine, but miss the meaning of true love. When practical considerations come in, a lot of people are self-interested and merely use speech to give the appearance that they possess good virtues. One last interesting note.. it is ironic that the student thinks that art has â€Å"no sincerity† and is â€Å"selfish† – but sadly that was how art was perceived in Victorian times. The field of knowledge was seen as a more worthwhile personal pursuit and it was in society’s self-interest to study that to gain renown. How to cite Van Hoc Anh, Papers

Business Management With 3M Serves Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Management With 3M Serves. Answer: Major market and Industry that 3M serves 3M deals in the business of many things but the major market in which it works is the science and technology. This company is known for its innovations that help in manufacture products that are capable of solving problem related to the daily lives of people (Boh, Evaristo and Ouderkirk, 2014). It serves for the industry named Conglomerate and hence deals in the business of many items. It is manufacturing more than 55,000 products which involves personal protective equipment, electronic materials, laminates, passive fire protection, Health care products, passive fire protection, dental and orthodontic products, Car-care products, electronic circuits, optical films, software for health care. This company is producing wide range products that are user friendly and providing solutions to many day to day personal life problems (Garud, Gehman and Kumaraswamy, 2011). With its diversified range of products this company is market leader in the industry and is employing approximately 90000 pe ople. It is operating its business in more than 65 nations. This company believes in manufacturing products as per the demand of the consumers and different markets. With the help of such a large laboratory facilities and with experienced researchers they are easily producing such a wide variety of products. One of the basic ideas of their business is to add technological features in the daily life products so as to make it more users friendly. New product that company has introduced This company is known for making new products as per the demand of the society and market. This company invests a lot for the research purpose which helps in enhancing its product range (3M science applied to life, 2018). Recent innovations in Health Care done by 3M is in the fields of diabetes and plating up food safety. In the diabetes it has invented new medical equipment that helps in monitoring diabetic symptoms. In order to help in making glucose testing easier, they have developed increased microfluidic technology and hydrophilic films that enables multiple fluid test that is to be performed on a single chip rather than being in a full-flagged laboratory. In order to maintain a skin that is healthy or help manage wounds associated with diabetes they have developed a new range of support skin health products which includes the medicine, ointments. All this system helps a person to manage their diabetes check-up from time to time especially before and after the food intake. They have also developed one drop diabetic test for checking the blood sugar level. In their food test that helps in detection of microbial bacteria in the food products. Ready to use Petrifilms helps in detecting of the bacteria like E-coli and listeria to Staph, Yeast, Mold and salmonella. This test reduces the waste by around 66 % and it is utilising 76 % less amount of energy that is currently used for testing of the food (3M science applied to life, 2018). Apart from this 3M has developed new silicon dressing that is managing wounds in a much better was an important innovation in injury prevention programs. It has also developed new kind of blankets which is known as Multi-Position Upper body Warming blanket. References Boh, W.F., Evaristo, R. and Ouderkirk, A., 2014. Balancing breadth and depth of expertise for innovation: A 3M story.Research Policy,43(2), pp.349-366. Garud, R., Gehman, J. and Kumaraswamy, A., 2011. Complexity arrangements for sustained innovation: Lessons from 3M Corporation.Organization Studies,32(6), pp.737-767. 3M science applied to life, 2018. Medical. [Online]. Available at: https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/medical-us/. [Accessed on: 13th February 2018]. 3M science applied to life, 2018. 3M Health care. [Online]. Available at: https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/health-care-us/. [Accessed on: 13th February 2018]